Individual Lifestyle vs Social Determinants †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Examine about the Individual Lifestyle versus Social Determinants. Answer: Presentation In todays world, it would not be putting it mildly to state that the issue of stoutness and overweight in kids just as in grown-ups has taken a genuine turn (Williamson, 2017). The administration alongside people need to pay more regard towards the issue. Weight is the ailment wherein the gathering of unnecessary fat so much that it begins hampering the body and essentially expands the danger of different illnesses. In 2016 near 2 billion grown-ups were large worldwide and the all the more disturbing issue is that corpulence has higher bleakness rate (Papamargaritis, 2013). It is significantly dictated by the social-social, ecological, nourishing, physical, political, genetical and mental components which thus are controlled by the legislature and in this manner making it a social obligation (Mullan et al., 2017). The article will lay an extraordinary accentuation on Australias determinants of weight for instance. This articles primary contention will be that the legislature has a si gnificant task to carry out in detraining the selection of elements accessible with open. It will likewise cover the suggestions as far as governments obligation to address the hazard factors and different determinants which will demonstrate that the administration has a duty and obligation towards the residents to give a helpful climate to the residents with the goal that they don't fall prey to this malady. A Public Health Concern The marvel of the being overweight or hefty isn't new to the world and it has existed in all the nations from time o time. In any case, is shocking that it has become an expanding wonder in all the nations for example USA, UK, Japan, Sweden, India, and so on whether it is a created or a creating nation. The rate at which it is developing in US/UK has multiplied. The quantity of large individuals in America has multiplied in most recent three decades 2/third of the US grown-ups are either overweight or stout. The impact could be found in all the age bunches for example kids, guys, females, mature age. The BMI sizes of the individuals are crossing the graphs. In the event that the number for what's to come is anticipated it would be something like: Year Male (%) Female (%) 2025 48 38 2050 62 48 In spite of the fact that there are numerous variables or determinants prompting the issue of corpulence anyway key individual social components like unfortunate food propensities and absence of much required physical action in the day by day schedule are the fundamental explanations behind this (Carlos Burini, 2017). Despite the fact that there are numerous causes however following are the noticeable ones: The main factor which is the significant reason for the abrupt increment in the quantity of large individuals everywhere throughout the world is the undesirable weight control plans went with next to no or immaterial dietary benefit in the food (Johari and Shahar, 2014). Present day living has completely changed the way, type and sort of food admission which is high in calories, seared in nature and with no medical advantages. The realities likewise validate the point that poor food quality with less dietary benefit, when joined with fake sugars in gigantic amounts, is the significant explanations behind critical weight gains. Unfortunate food propensities like expanded admission of sugar, modest refined palatable oil, starches, creature sourced food and half prepared greasy food lead to heftiness in grown-ups and kids also. Being overweight or stout in future prompts maladies like sort two diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary conduit sicknesses stroke, and other liver and gallbladder ailments (Geyer, 2016). The subsequent central point is the complete absence of physical action during the day by day schedule propensity for every last one. This beginnings directly from the adolescence of the children and which prompts corpulence in kids which thus develops as stoutness in the grown-ups (K. Chung and C. Romney, 2012). The legislature should make strides directly toward the start for example when the tutoring begins accentuation must be made to make sure that abundant physical action is guzzled in the educational plan of the children. Conflictingly a safe physical condition will likewise help in advancing outside movement along these lines expanding sound propensities. The stationary way of life of the grown-ups wherein there is no physical action, sitting occupations in the workplaces and no an ideal opportunity for physical exchanging and no control on the calorie admission as against the calories consumed prompts the significant level of BMI levels p rompting overweight and coming about to different constant sicknesses. Over the timeframe science has produced such an extensive amount work sparing gadgets that everything is accessible at the fingertips and doorsteps. The web has so reformed things that nobody needs to leave his/her bed to purchase anything. Thirdly, the kind of air and condition in and around anybody lives likewise decides the degree of corpulence. It might be the political, monetary, socio-social or physical condition (Young, Hinnant and Leshner, 2015). Monetary variables can either elevate or minimize the wellbeing decisions individuals make and subsequently can have a positive or negative effect on the wellbeing. Poor financial conditions lead to the appropriation of unfortunate food propensities which poorly affects wellbeing. Physical condition chooses the sort and amount of food accessible which prompts the framing of food propensities for individuals. The socio-social condition likewise outlines any people disposition towards wellbeing related decisions for instance if in a general public body size portrays an indication of riches individuals will take a stab at a major body size. Social condition chooses what individuals like to eat dependent on family and companion. Its with respect to the guardians to instill sound food propensities. In purported todays occupied timetables skipping suppers have become a typical thing which decreases the digestion rate and in this manner prompting weight gain. In this manner socio-social elements influence the disposition and conduct identified with solid way of life decisions. Another factor which assumes a significant job is the political variables which incorporate the standards and guideline encircled by the administration, enactment passed, charges required, as every one of these choices choose what sort of food supplies and administrations will be advanced and downgraded (Young, Hinnant and Leshner, 2015). Morally the legislature should exact high duties on unfortunate food items, liquor, cigarettes and other hurtful items with the goal that their utilization is insignificant and enactments go about as impediments. Natural products, vegetables, solid food items, for example, dairy items ought to be tax-exempt or charged at insignificant rates. It ha s been discovered that the schools pick stuffed food candy machines to have more benefits when contrasted with sound food; enactment should come advances and request that schools give solid food in order to teach great propensities at right on time and youth developmental stages. Numerous nutritionists and experts are of the conclusion that schools can assume a urgent job in creating great food propensities. At singular levels, we can say that hereditary factors additionally assume a crucial job in being in danger of stoutness. Weight can be credited to hereditary variables at the early or newborn child stages. Leptin inadequacy, prader willy condition and so forth., lead to heftiness at later phases of adulthood. Most normal is the situation of high birth weight at the hour of birth. Notwithstanding the hereditary qualities, heftiness is likewise caused in view of the considerable number of variables consolidated. Jumble of the vitality devoured and vitality consumed likewise prompts stoutness, hormonal factors additionally lead to overweight. It has been additionally settled certain that mental elements, social disgrace or despondency likewise add, all things considered, in following the food propensities. Stoutness and stress go connected at the hip. Individuals will in general eat more when they are under pressure. Likewise how society responds to the corpulence and stress and how th e individual deciphers the conduct of society additionally chooses the food propensities for a person. It in general effects the confidence, social working and, self-view of the person. When it begins decaying the self-adequacy of the individual likewise begins reducing. His/her confidence in her to accomplish something begins blurring ceaselessly. It has been considered as a noteworthy supporter of anyones generally speaking wellbeing and prosperity. It is important to set up more noteworthy comprehension among all the variables and heftiness will help in creating preventive techniques. To be progressively explicit and clear we can utilize the case of Australia to dissect the determinants or reasons liable for the uncommon ascent in the stout populace. In the event that we talk as far as realities Australia is the fifth biggest nation as far as heftiness where 15% of populace was corpulent in 1981 and it rose to 30% in late 2015. 2/third of Australias grown-up populace for example 65 % are stout. 29% Children in the age gathering of 5 to 18 years are overweight. In Australia weight prompted half of all out weight of illnesses because of diabetes 38%, ceaseless kidney issue 23% and heart maladies 17% (Wiseman et al., 2014). The national wellbeing and clinical research gathering (NHMRC) act stoutness like a significant medical issue. As per Dr. Manny Noakes master in hereditary variables, near 80 % Australians are presented to weight gains. As of late it has been discovered that the accessibility of the food in colossal amounts or huge serves has likewise lead to stoutness in individuals as it additionally builds the hunger for additional. When the hunger expands individuals begin longing for more and it prompts indulging. Food loaded with sugar, fat and oils just expands the stomach weight (Wulaningsih et al., 2016). When individuals begin gorging subsequent stage that tails it is eating carelessly. Individuals eat and talk without giving it an idea that what amount is required and the amount they have eaten. At that point comes another blow which is the accessibility of the food all the time when contrasted with the countries like France where there are set eating designs. Inactive sort of living significance along these lines no physical movement during the work hours, long sitting schedules have prompted ove

Critical thinking Essay Example for Free

Basic reasoning Essay In scholastic composition, a contention is generally a primary thought, frequently called a â€Å"claim† or â€Å"thesis statement,† upheld up with proof that bolsters the thought. In most school papers, one needs to make a type of guarantee and use proof to help it. One’s capacity to do this will isolate a decent paper from different papers. We use contention in regular day to day existence to persuade someone regarding my thoughts or sentiment, persuade our educators we merit a superior evaluation. A superior contention is cultivated if no feeling is included. One segment of contention is rationale. Cases are proclamations about what is valid or acceptable or about what ought to be done or accepted. Cases are conceivably questionable. For instance, late tax reductions ought to be surrendered another is the common war is brought about by subjection. In making a contention one must utilize motivation to help the case. Reason is an explanation that bolsters a given case or at the end of the day â€Å"why do you say that claim?† support is the proof that we use; one case of proof is measurements. When making a contention we should make sure to utilize warrants which is impacts or suspicions that associate the help to the case. A significant part when making a contention is to gone over to the crowd as a valid speaker or arguer that has adequate proof, that the proof depends on look into or academic articles. It is critical to likewise recall that each contention has a counterargument. Which the contention all the more intriguing and furthermore solid its not one that everybody concurs with.

The Illegality Of The War On Afghanistan International Law Essay - Free Essay Example

We the peoples of the United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war The war against Afghanistan is illegal. The US, assisted by Canada and Britain is bombing Afghanistan and will perhaps use additional force with ground troops for the stated purpose of capturing or killing Osama bin Laden and others associated with his organization and of toppling the Taliban government. No international or national law or policy legalizes these. attacks on Afghanistan. No resolutions of the United Nations Security Council or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization could provide a legal justification for these attacks and none do. The war against Afghanistan violates international law including the Charter of the United Nations (The Charter), the Geneva Conventions and the relevant provisions of the eleven International agreements dealing with the suppression and control of terrorism. The attacks by bombing and the use of other military force are war crimes pursuant to the Rome Statute. THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS (THE CHARTER) The Charter prohibits the use and the threatened use of any force in their international relations. The Charter specifically prohibits the use of force to topple foreign governments. It goes without saying that all national and International laws forbid the killing of non-combatants (i.e. arguably all Afghanis) the bombing and other use of force in Afghanistan will inevitably kill and injure large numbers of non-combatants. The October 11 edition of the Vancouver Sun reports 200 people in Afghanistan killed in US bombing raids including 4 United Nations employees. October 13, 2001 reports indicate a residential area hit by a missile. Mass killing of non-combatants is considered by the world community to be the most egregious of crimes. The Preamble to the Rome Statute, in reference to such crimes states, Mindful that during this century millions of children, women and men have been victims of unimaginable atrocities that deeply shock that conscience of Humanity. The United State s, United Kingdom, Canada and Afghanistan are all Member States of the United Nations. The Charter of the United Nations imposes on members the binding obligation to settle disputes in a manner that ensures the maintenance of peace and justice. Article 2 of the Charter prohibits the use or threatened use of force against another state. [See below] The Article 2 prohibition applies to all force and is a rule of customary international law. As such the Article 2 prohibition is universally binding even on the few states not members of the United Nations. The Article 2 prohibition has been reiterated in numerous resolutions of the UN General Assembly. For example on 17 December 1984 the UN General Assembly passed a resolution affirming the inadmissibility of the policy of State terrorism including actions by States aimed at undermining the sociopolitical systems in other sovereign states. This resolution specifically prohibits the use of military action and contains the demand: th at all States take no actions aimed at military, intervention and occupation, forcible change in or undermining of the socio-political system of States, destabilization and overthrow of the their Governments and, in particular, initiate no military action to that end under any pretext whatsoever and cease forthwith any such action already in progress. The fact that the attacks on Afghanistan are in response to horrific crimes believed to have been committed by people believed to be hiding in Afghanistan does not provide any legal justification whatsoever. The Charter is based on the belief that international law should not be enforced at the expense of international peace. Neither can international law be enforced by the commission of more crimes.2 The Preamble to the Charter states the purpose of the United Nations is to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.3 SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS The United Nations Security Council, (Security Council), the body with primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, passed two resolutions regarding the September 11 attacks: resolution 1268 on 12 September 2001 and Resolution 1373 on 28 September 2001. Neither resolution authorizes the use of force. Resolution 1373 (2001) adopted by the Security Council at its 4385th meeting on 28 September 2001 (incorporating the earlier resolution of 12 September) affirms the responsibility of Member States to take only those measures that are: in compliance with national and international law including international human rights standards to prevent and suppress terrorist attacks and to take action against the perpetrators. Security Council Resolution 1373 specifically restricts member states to actions that are authorized by law and in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. Canada is already largely in compliance with the directives conta ined in Resolution 1373 and has promulgated regulations under Canadas United Nations Act to implement provision of the resolution, including prohibiting financing and fundraising and for freezing the assets of terrorist organizations. Article 51 of the Charter defines Member States right of self-defence. This article neither authorizes bombing and armed force as self-defence nor bestows legal authority for the US to wage war. Article Si gives Member States the narrow power to defend themselves against a continuing armed assault until such time as the Security Council intervenes to maintain and restore peace and security. Article Si of the Charter does not create any right to make retaliatory attacks or to engage in the use of force to repel anticipated armed attacks. The right to self-defense in Article 51 is restricted to actions that are necessary to, repel and proportionate to an ongoing armed attack and only exists until the Security Council takes measures to restore peace an d security. The right to self defense is restricted to self defense action and is further restricted to those actions necessary to maintain international peace and security and must be carried out in accordance with the Charter. The entire Charter is based on the premise that Member States must maintain international peace, security and justice and may not use force to settle international disputes or to remove foreign governments. Article 51 does not displace the obligation imposed on States by Article 2.4 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION RESOLUTIONS Media coverage also infers that some legal authority for the use of armed force against Afghanistan or the Taliban was created by the resolutions of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). That assumption is entirely false and is made clear from its resolution below. NATO, a regional organization with the goal of restoring and maintaining the security of the North Atlantic area, resolved on September 12 2001 that the September 11 attacks were covered by Article 5 of the Washington Treaty and therefore all NATO members will consider the September 11 attacks as an armed attack against all NATO members. The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations will assist the Party or P arties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such actions as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. Any such armed attack and all measure taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to respect and maintain international peace and security. Article 5, The Washington Treaty.

The Declaration of Independence In History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 541 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Declaration of Independence Essay Did you like this example? New England in the 18th century was, even though they didnt know at the beginning, on its way to independence. Wars at home and taxation from the mother country were undoubtedly exhausting. Breakout of Revolutionary War was an act of response to Great Britain for their oppression on the colonizers. A year later, 442 days to be exact, colonies declared independence and became the United States of America on July 4, 1776. Few of the reasons leading to this occasion were Proclamation Law, Tea Act and Thomas Paines Common Sense. In October, 1763, the proclamation law was issued by King George the third to prevent New England colonists from moving pass the Appalachian Mountains to keep control of the border so the British Army wouldnt have to come in and protect them from Native Americans while theyre still in debt and trying to recover after the Seven Years War. It was quite an understandable move which the British authorities took as a result from their economic situation but it frustrated colonists. Such powerful men who later signed what is now known as the declaration of independence like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry and Benjamin Franklin were angered that they could not claim the land they seized during the Seven Years War so they brought this topic on a treaty conference at Fort Stanwix, New York, in 1768 to push the boundary line farther west and south but couldnt achieve what they wanted. In May, 1773, British authorities passed the Tea Act to save East India Company from going bankrupt. The East India Company was important to the British economy so they made people living in New England trade only from this company. That enabled them to avoid intermediaries and to price its tea competitively with that of smugglers. After the first of three ships, the Dartmouth, one day before the cargo would have been confiscated, about 60 men disguised as Native Americans dumped the tea into the docks. This event became the last straw that happened to colonies, leading them to their independence. Even though the last straw was the Tea Act, they still needed encouragement to bring this idea to reality. Thats when Thomas Paines Common Sense, written in January,1776, came to life right before the declaration of independence. Only 7 months before the biggest event of the US History, this pamphlet advocated the independence from Great Britain and aimed to make colonists think about what they could have without Britishs oppression. ?Why is it that we hesitate? From Britain we can expect nothing but ruin. If she is admitted to the government of America again, this continent will not be worth living in. says Thomas Paine, trying to indicate how Britain is their worst enemy who brings war to their home. After everything they had been through, still many more difficulties waiting for them, 12 colonies formally adopted the independence on July 4,1776 and also dropped their English citizenship. Before this event, in 1775, Revolutionary War started because of the same reasons -such as Proclamation Law, Tea Act and Thomas Paines Common Sense- why Americans wanted to free themselves from the British crown. In 1783, American and English negotiators finally signed peace terms in Paris, and, thus, English had to recognize the independence of the United States of America. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Declaration of Independence In History" essay for you Create order

The Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck - 1791 Words

Which is worse; parents placing money before their children, or hdhdhshdhdhdhdhshsj? The clear answer is that both are equally disturbing. Sadly, both these examples are not uncommon. According to Ross, many families are breaking down as parents place work above children and children are more willing to self destruct as they notice they are being placed second. These modern-day examples are connected to The Grapes of Wrath by a common theme, money before people. This is a dangerous but common theme that John Steinbeck endeavors not only to warn but to inform his readers of. Although there are some instances of the Okies aiding one another, money before people is a central theme in The Grapes of Wrath as well as real life because it is the†¦show more content†¦This theme reappears throughout the novel, starting with their exile all the way to the end of their migration. When the Okies are starving and sick and in dire need of help, the narrator says, â€Å"Frantic men pounde d on the doors of the doctors; and the doctors were busy. And sad men left word at country stores for the coroner to send a car. The coroners were not too busy. The coroners wagons backed up through the mud and took out the dead† (Steinbeck 434). This sad excerpt shows how drastically the value of money and people’s lives can be misinterpreted. Since these doctors knew that they would receive no pay from the Okies, they simply ignored their cries for help. In stark contrast, the coroners are paid to collect dead bodies, and therefore are more than willing to come and take the bodies of those who could’ve been saved. This blatant disregard for human life, in unity with this excessive preoccupation on the almighty dollar, synthesize to expose to us how central a theme this truly is. Another reason why money before people is so imperative is that it serves as a major source of motivation for the human opposition of the Okies. When they first arrive in California, T om is baffled by the cops’ behavior. When he asks his friend Floyd why the cops arrest and harass the Okies for no reason, Floyd states, â€Å"Sheriff gets seventy-five cents a day for each prisoner, an he feeds em for a quarter. If

Implementing Innovation free essay sample

Thus, the number one strategic goal of businesses is to gain and maintain competitive advantage. By programs of  continuous improvements companies try to reduce costs, to enhance quality, and to increase speed of responsiveness to customer needs. Additionally, most businesses have some sort of  innovation program on their agenda to stay ahead of (or at least keep in pace with) their  competitors. Still, finding a common ground on what innovation is and what business elements to consider  when implementing innovation seems intricate. The research on  the topic of  this term paper  reveals a wide range of terms associated with innovation. Some examples are research and development  (Ramp;D),  product  innovation,  corporate  entrepreneurship,  intrapreneur,inventorpreneur, think tanks, continuous improvement, change program, market research, systems engineering and optimization  process. This term paper lays the fundamentals to understand innovation and its implementation in  businesses independent from the type of business on a strategic level. A gateway to innovation is the success story of the manufacturing company 3M. 3M is a diversified technology company serving customers and communities with innovative products and services. Innovation can be a function of an area or areas within a corporation whereas functions are  performed  by  a  diverse  range  of  employees. Although  the  original  product  itself  was developed in a research department, the latter idea for use of the product was the result of a need that arose  by one  person. Needless to  say that  the consequential implementation was a team-effort again. These functional areas are circumscribed in this term paper as the modes of  innovation. The term innovation is defined by 3M as follows: New ideas + action or implementation which results in an improvement,  gain, or profit. At first glance, some business areas seem to be hidden in 3Ms definition where innovation can take place. Others describe these types of innovation within business strategy and business processes in a more elaborate way: Innovation is not just releasing new products. It also encompasses implementing new business processes, fresh ways of doing things, radical  alliances, brilliant new routes to markets and business strategies. Innovation needs time and is based  on trial and error. The development of a breakthrough  product isnt something you can do on the  fly. It is  the result of individual and corporate features coming together at a certain point of time. These are the elements of innovation, this term paper will look at. Thus, innovation can be summarized as the business process of inventing, developing, putting new concepts into practice and gaining benefit of new products, new services, new processes, or further revolutionary business elements. The following sub-chapters explain the modes of programs, highlight innovation types and select key elements to consider for successful implementation of innovation management. I 1. Innovation types and modes A gateway to innovation is the success story of the manufacturing company 3M. 3M is a diversified technology company serving customers and communities with innovative products and services. One of the award-winning products of the last century is the Post-it ® note developed by two employees of 3M. In 1968 the researcher Spencer Silver developed an adhesive that was not working  properly as a glue. So he tried marketing his product within 3M to discover a use for his non-adhesive glue. Unfortunately his mission was without immediate success. Years later, the  product  developer Arthur  Fry  found  a  meaningful  purpose  for  the  non-working  thing. Subsequently 3M worked out a product to be marketed. Since then 3Ms notes have been sold worldwide in 400 different variations of the original product . Innovation can be a function of an area or areas within a corporation whereas functions are  performed  by  a  diverse  range  of  employees. Although  the  original  product itself  was developed in a research department, the latter idea for use of the product was the result of a need that arose  by one  person. Needless to  say that  the consequential implementation was a team-effort again. These functional areas are circumscribed in this term paper as the modes of  innovation. The term innovation is defined by 3M as follows: New ideas + action or implementation which results in an improvement,  gain, or profit. At first glance, some business areas seem to be hidden in 3Ms definition where innovation can take place. Others describe these types of innovation within business strategy and business processes in a more elaborate way: Innovation is not just releasing new products. It also encompasses implementing new business processes, fresh ways of doing things, radical  alliances, brilliant new routes to markets and business strategies. Innovation needs time and is based  on trial and error. The development of a breakthrough  product isnt something you can do on the  fly. It is  the result of individual and corporate features coming together at a certain point of time. These are the elements of innovation, this term paper will look at. Thus, innovation can be summarized as the business process of inventing, developing, putting new concepts into practice and gaining benefit of new products, new services, new processes, or further revolutionary business elements. The following sub-chapters explain the modes of programs, highlight innovation types and select key elements to consider for successful implementation of innovation management. The  historic  development  of  scientific  management  and  the  industrial  revolution led to specialization  of  workers. Specialization  increased  output  but  also  raised  the  need  for  coordinatin because single parts in the production process had to be put together to a final  product. The  idea  of  specialization  led  to  the  innovation  monopole  of  research  and development  (Ramp;D) departments.

Stop Thief The Greatest Frauds of All Times. Forewarned, Forearmed

There is definitely something wrong with the phrase â€Å"the greatest fraud.† It is not only about the bitter oxymoron, but also about the very idea that a criminal mastermind wastes his/her incredible abilities on scams instead of something decent that makes one feel rather bitter. However, there is still the list of the world’s most famous frauds, and this is the case when knowledge is power, for learning more about the most daring frauds, one will be able to avoid being deceived in the future.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stop Thief: The Greatest Frauds of All Times. Forewarned, Forearmed specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To start with, the famous Ponzi scheme must be mentioned. Its features are very identifiable, yet, sadly enough, it works very efficiently, as the history of crime schemes has proven. It presupposes that the victim pays his money to invest into something for the sake of fast and incredibly high revenue. Needless to say, the swindler takes the money and runs away, leaving the investor broke. Another notorious criminal plan, the Nigerian 419 is simple yet ingenious. Relying on people’s trust in the authority of the people whose reputation and wealth are more than impressive, the given type of frauds is quite widespread. Peaking in the era when electronic mail appeared and spam was not known yet, the Nigerian 419 presupposed sending letters to people’s electronic addresses on behalf of a wealthy person asking for financial help and promising great revenues (Baines). Naturally, when one sent the money, they were never returned. Finally, the Spanish prisoner fraud lands on the third spot in the list of the most efficient scam plans in the world history. The fraud tells the victim that a person who is extremely rich and has huge authority in his own country has been put into prison while being in disguise. Hence, the given person needs money to bail out without revealing his/her true identity. Taking the money which the victim gullibly gives away, the criminal vanishes without a trace (Adams and Smith 282). Judging by the above-mentioned examples, one can suggest that there are several key features that most scams share. If taking the aforementioned issues as examples, it is important to single out three key elements that constitute the frauds dealt with above. To start with, the criminal has to either act presumably on behalf of a certain authority, or to pretend to be a person of authority, yet fail to provide evident proof for that. The second feature of an obvious crime scheme is that the promised reward does not come and that more money is demanded for it. The third and the most important element of any crime scheme is that the criminal emphasizes that the victim is completely free to decide on whether to give the money or not, but subtly pressures the latter into paying, by either pretending to leave the victim witho ut the offered fabulous profit.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, it seems that, when taking the required measures and being cautious enough, one can avoid being deceived by a fraud. However, it is important to keep in mind that the above-mentioned schemes are not the only ones existing, and that, to keep one’s possessions safe, one has to be alert all the time. The above-mentioned does not mean going into the extremes of paranoia, but presupposes being reasonable and not too gullible. Works Cited Adams, Tyrone L. and Stephen A. Smith. Electronic Tribes:  The Virtual Worlds of  Geeks, Gamers, Shamans, and Scammers. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 2008. Print. Baines, Gary. Nigerian Scams Revisited. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Publishers. 2003. Print. This essay on Stop Thief: The Greatest Frauds of All Times. Forewarned, Forearmed was written and submitted by user Toad to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Love vs Lust Research Paper Example

Love vs Lust Research Paper Example Love vs Lust Paper Love vs Lust Paper When you love so thing, you want to have it with you always, and you want to take care of it and make sure nothing in the world can harm or corrupt it in any way possible. Guess when you love someone, you potpourris in danger of that person no loving you back, just looking at the negative side. When you let love control you u, you arent yourself, you change who you are so that you conform or exceed the expectations set by the person or object you love. When you put yourself out there you dont really go with what you know is right, but what your emotions are cram mining into our head. Looking at both sides of the argument, there are positive consequent ounces that come along with loving someone. When you love someone, you might find the e person that you are going to spend the rest of your life with. Lust on the other hand is a more negative concept. Lust makes you go insane to achieve what you want because you want it for your own benefit. When you lee t lust control your behavior, you focus only on what you want and not what is Essen till for you or your future. When lust is a big part in your life, you get caught up in making g what you ant or lust possible. Sometimes you dont realize you lust cometh ins or so none because you just arent thinking straight due to your desire for that person or object. You start to channel people and your surroundings out because youre so foci used on getting what you desire. When you start to lust an object, you become so full of yourself and pigheaded because you think that you deserve everything you want and y oh become angry with others because you dont get what you want. Though love and lust are on two different universes, they sometimes go togged her. You can love something while having something lust towards it. Lust is a feel Eng that you can control. You cant let it get to you because with God on your side, you can overcome it. Love on the other hand is the most powerful thing on this world for example, For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever belie eves in him shall not perish but have eternal life. John 3:16. Gods love for people change d the way our courses were supposed to go. Because Jesus died on the cross at Calvary, we are freed from our sins and we have the gift of eternal life. Todays society often perceives love as a joke, people dont take relationships marriages seriously. Lust in todays society is not serious at all, people have relationships and engage in sexual activity because the media and pop culture e says its okay and that its the right? thing to do. In conclusion, believe that love and lust are very delicate but powerful subject TTS that should be taken seriously.

The Impact of Energy Drinks on the Army Research Proposal

The Impact of Energy Drinks on the Army - Research Proposal Example Nearly 118 years ago, the U.S Army made its initial efforts to nurture and use an organized physical training program. One of the main facts acting as a driver is the program development and all later enhancements which remain unaltered. From the initial years, the preponderance of new entrants to the U.S. Army does not have the adequate physical fitness levels for carrying out their duties more efficiently in a combat. Since the birth of U.S. Army in 1775, this has been the case and at the end of the Civil War, this was more apparent. For preparing its soldiers for combat, the U.S. Army has recurrently fine-tuned its fitness regimen. FM 21-20 Physical training has been the unique source of physical training perused by U.S. army since 1941. The outdated FM 21-20 physical training was replaced by Army Physical Readiness Training in March 2010. United States Army doctrine considers the effect of physical fitness as a significant factor which has the direct impact on mission preparednes s. U.S army learned hard lessons from Korean War as the deployment of 540, not well-trained soldiers were routed by the North Korean army. As per U.S. Department of Army, an army’s unit physical training program should be footed upon the unit’s most physically demanding skills, the program should include activities like foot marching for shorter distances like 3 to 5 miles under fighting load, loading and lifting equipment, organizing for impediment course negotiation and movement strategies for individuals.

The strategy of Cathay Pacific (Customer Loyalty) BA (Hons) in Essay

The strategy of Cathay Pacific (Customer Loyalty) BA (Hons) in Business Administration - Essay Example In order to sustain in the competitive global market, the airline services significantly needed to acquire great proportion of loyalty and satisfaction from the customer. However, this high competition has proved to be an advantage for the travelers as they get chance to travel for low cost. With every airline service offering better product quality, lower price and promotional offers, the competition became even tougher. Since there is numerous number of airlines in the international routes, it gets harder to reap on profits .It is a saddening fact that the event of September 11 attack has impacted the airline industry in a very destructive way. It not only decreased the passenger traffic but also hiked up the airfares to make things worse. Eventually, the global recession made the airline industry struggle to subsist in the market and maintain their profit ratio. Subsequently, the only way to boost the sales was to gain customer confidence and loyalty. In order to gain customer’s satisfaction and loyalty, the airline industry initiated to make use of the marketing mix and its 7Ps.Since only a right marketing strategy can increase the customer’s loyalty and satisfaction; the airline services rested their trust on the 7 ps of marketing mix model. The 7 elements of marketing mix like product, process, price, place, physical evidence, people and promotion was sure the best concept for them. For this reason, the airline companies started to come up with promotions, advertising campaigns, frequent flyer programs and many online services to melt the mind and hearts of customers. They assured the customer that they would not regret for choosing their service as they are the best in the market in respect of price and comfort. Many airline services experienced that the customers definitely responded well to their marketing strategies and this enabled them to at least cover up their operating

Tools of Monetary Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Tools of Monetary Policy - Essay Example We consider these one by one in what follows. i) The required reserve ratio To understand the operational mechanism of this particular monetary policy tool, it is imperative to understand what the monetary base of an economy is. Essentially, the monetary base of an economy is defined as being the sum total of all cash holdings and reserves in the economy, i.e., the monetary base MB = C+R where C = currency/checkable deposits and R = total reserves. Further, R = RR+ER where RR is the required reserves and ER is the excess reserves. Required reserves are determined through the required reserve ratio (r) which is set by the central bank. The central bank sets the ratio of total deposits that commercial banks and other financial lending institutions have to hold as reserves. The excess reserves are the reserve holdings maintained by these banks for liquidity concerns or prudence over and above the stipulated required reserve holdings. The required reserve ratio is the policy tool by regu lating which the central bank can control the amount of excess reserves and thus loanable funds of the banks. Thus by controlling these reserves the money supply in the economy can be regulated. If the central bank intends to undertake expansionary monetary policy it can do so by relaxing the reserve requirement and consequentially increasing the amount of loans that can be made in the economy. If on the other hand it needs to conduct contractionary monetary policy, it can do so by making the reserve requirement more stringent. ii) The discount policy The discount rate is one of the monetary policy tools of the central bank of an economy. It is the rate of interest that the central bank charges for short term loans that it forwards to other banks that require such loans to cover shortages in their liquidity requirements. Discount policy affects the money supply of an economy through two channels: first, by affecting the discount rate on loans and thus in turn affecting the amount of loans indirectly and secondly, by altering the amounts of the short term loans directly. In case of the first channel, that is changing the discount rate, this may or may not have an impact on money supply depending on the position of the demand for reserves (RD). The effect of increasing the discount rate on the money supply is shown below in diagram 1. In part (a), the demand for reserves is not high enough and as a result there are no changes in the equilibrium reserve holdings. In part (b) there is a high demand for reserves and as a consequence, there is a decline in the equilibrium reserve holdings. Figure 1: Impact of increases in the discount rate In the diagram above, there is an increase in the discount rate from to . Consequentially the supply of reserves schedule rises from to . However, observe that in part (a) the demand for reserves are lower than in part (b). In particular the demand for reserves schedule is not high enough in part (a) to substantiate any efficacy o f increasing the discount rate. In fact in such a scenario, a decline in the discount rate could have an impact by increasing the equilibrium reserve holdings if the rate is lowered below the bank rate. However, this will make sense if the resulting effect of increased money supply is the desired result. As a result, albeit the increase in the discount rate leads to a rise in the supply of reserves, there is no change in the equilibri

William Carlos Williams This is Just to Say Essay -- Poem Williams Th

William Carlos Williams' This is Just to Say poem (p m) – noun: 1. A verbal composition designed to convey experiences, ideas, or emotions in a vivid and imaginative way, characterized by the use of language chosen for its sound and suggestive power and by the use of literary techniques such as meter, metaphor, and rhyme. 2. A composition in verse rather than in prose. 3. A literary composition written with an intensity or beauty of language more characteristic of poetry than of prose. -- The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright  © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, there are three different definitions of a poem. William Carlos Williams’ highly anthologized poem, â€Å"This Is Just to Say,† fits only one of those descriptions. The single reason it can be classified as a poem is that it is written in verse. In all else, â€Å"This Is Just to Say† fails not only as a poem, but as an interesting work of writing. â€Å"This Is Just to Say† makes absolutely no use of any literary techniques. It lacks rhyme, meter, metaphor, simile, symbol, analogy, allusion and any other device one can think of. The only alliteration present is in the second to last line and is otherwise so sparse as to make that bit seem accidental. Any person attempting to read the poem as a â€Å"metaphor for a variety of larger conflicts,† as the opponent of this particular paper claims, is making it up out of whole cloth and giving Williams far too much credit. True, there are three stanzas, each composed of four lines, but that hardly qualifies a piece as a genuine poem. There is no discernable pattern of syl... ...had been fooled. It’s about time that somebody called the emperor’s bluff. Not even Williams himself originally intended â€Å"This Is Just to Say† to be read as a poem, so any attempt to defend it as one is doomed to fail. Unless, of course, the person defending that position is of the belief that any set of words strung together with the proper line breaks is magically transformed into a poem. In that case, everyone with a Magnetic Poetry Kit deserves to be as famous. William Carlos Williams simply took two ordinary sentences, chopped them up into lines and stanzas, and called it poetry. The so-called poem â€Å"This Is Just to Say† is in reality nothing more than two thinly disguised, unremarkable lines of prose. The name of all poetry is cheapened when people call notes such as these â€Å"poems.† The truth is, â€Å"This Is Just to Say† says very little indeed.

Leadership & Power

MCOM200 Management Communication GROUP REPORT 2008 b MCOM231- 08(A) Group Report: Leadership, Power & Influence. {draw:frame} Which form of power has the best influence on effective leadership? Word count: 2,746 Executive Summary Leadership, power and influence is a theme within management that is constantly developing overtime. Leaders are continuously developing new and innovative ways to empower their followers in order to get the best out of them. For the purpose of this report, we have decided to look at the assumption that leadership is based on the different types of relationships between people, rather than the skills and abilities of just one person. We know this theory allows for a network of interaction of people from all walks of life, it has the ability to shape these people through the influence and power of the leader. So the objective behind this report was to examine the forms of power and the relationships of these different power forms relative to leader effectiveness. There are five sources of power that are commonly referred to when describing leadership approaches to their followers. This report outlines these different approaches with supporting evidence gathered from successful New Zealand leaders. They demonstrated the challenges that they have faced and how they have overcome these obstacles through the use of leadership, power and influence. Table of Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Literature review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Method †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Results & Di scussion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Conclusion & Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 Appendices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 24 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Introduction As a group we have decided on the theme Leadership, Power and Influence as basis for this report with our key focus being that of  "Which form of ‘power’ has the best influence on effective leadership? This strand of management is an essential element of any and all organisations and runs right to the core. We were aware that in order for us to be able to understand effective leadership we would essentially need to analyse the multifarious network of power relationships and influence processes in organisations. For the purpose of our report we have decided to specifically look firstly at the concepts of power, influence and leadership as a partnership. Then, at the five different forms of power, commonly used by leaders today. We will identify and explain each one individually, then go on recognise the role of leadership power exercised by leaders from the Royal Society leadership website (RSNZ) and acknowledge commonalities and differences between them. Research shows that referent power often results in subordinate loyalty to the leader and in most cases this is the most effective form of leadership, however, the effectiveness of any power depends upon the skill and appropriateness with which it is used. Leaders should exercise authority politely and clearly and verify compliance. Yukl, & Taber 1983) All sources of power come with flaws, however, many have aspects of leadership that work well within certain organisations. This report will voice our personal opinion on which source of power we believe to be the most effective at influencing followers in a positive way that enables the leaders to get the most out of those who follow them. Literature Review Of the literature we have reviewed there are commo n themes and approaches in relation to power and leadership. Many leaders are now finding that there is a diminishing use of power relating to their position/rank. The traditional power that derives from one’s position in a hierarchy has been lost. But in its place, a very different kind of leadership power has begun to emerge. This new power is rooted in a leader’s personal values and convictions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Acting from the centre) McShane and Travaglione refer to this type of power as ‘Legitimate power’. It has been said that â€Å"today’s leaders must rely on core values to keep the organization centred and balanced† (acting from the centre), perhaps this is why a traditional approach of leaders relying solely on their position to influence followers no longer stands for much today. Leaders must adopt a strategy that in turn gains the respect of followers by leading through exemplary behaviour and standing for values that are communicated openly and often with others. â€Å"John Gillespie, former CEO and vice president of operations at Innovation Luggage, Secaucus, says the following: â€Å"I found that if I wanted people to follow me, I had to be the first person to take risks and work without a safety net under me†. (Acting from the centre) It is through actions such as this that leaders gain the respect of followers and in turn gain what is known as ‘referent power’. McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 359). Like many other leaders, Don Makie, vice president of quality assurance, has had to face the following question: â€Å"how can they (leaders) help others in the organization evolve so that they, too, reflect and embody those values? † (Acting from the centre) This tie's in with the ideas of referent and expert power; when followers hold respect for a leader they are more willing to believe in their expertise and ideas, â€Å"leaders empower their followers† (Hackman & Johnson, 2009). Makie believes in this concept of respect and gaining referent power over followers. As a leader he personally looked â€Å"for managers who wanted to get on the shop floor, communicate with people and learn†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦he believes â€Å"you can’t manage change from a distance†. (Acting from the centre) Referent power can be linked to a concept such as ‘value-centred leadership’. â€Å"Value-centred leaders look within and guide their actions accordingly†. Acting from the centre) â€Å"Essentially, this is about earning the right and respect to lead through direct individual involvement and action† (Kouzers, J. M. , & Posner, B. Z. , 2002). Leaders who put this concept into practice are said to have a leadership style that â€Å"is grounded in the beliefs† they hold to â€Å"make decisions about people and strategy†. (Acting from the centre) Values are derived knowing they will develop the organization not hinder it. These valu es should then be turned into actions i. e. walking the talk’, and making it known to your employees that â€Å"you’re not offering†¦a cure-all that represents the â€Å"right† way or the â€Å"safe† way to do things. You simply have chosen to lead with these values in the face of uncertainty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Acting from the centre) An opposing view suggests power is just merely an image. â€Å"Powerful people are not born powerful. Rather, powerful people have a talent for dramatizing, communicating, using, and exploiting whatever resources they process. Being powerful is a skill†. The power image) If a leader only has ‘skills’ that make them appear to be powerful, people will eventually see straight through this and they will not view them as legitimate leader nor will they respect them. Therefore this ‘leader’ will not really have any legitimate power to fall back on or use to positively influence followers. Leaders that hold power such as that of the referent, legitimate and expert types can be categorized as being socialized and authentic leaders. â€Å"Socialized and authentic leaders†¦are other-oriented and work to empower followers in an effort to achieve collective goals†. Journal of business ethics) Common themes within this literature favour such leaders that gain the respect of followers and in turn hold power that they use in a positive way. Unlike those leaders who abuse their authortative position, and rely on coercive power to â€Å"gain respect through instilling fear†. (The power image) It is appears that those leaders who are ‘socialized and authentic’ achieve much more success as they are able to get followers onside and work toward a common vision. Method To gather the necessary information required for this report, we were to research online on the RSNZ website, (http:// rsnz. leadership. org) to find the seven video interviews of well-known New Zealand leaders, to hear their discussions and thoughts on leadership. This method required us to watch all seven videos and take notes on the parts we felt may be relevant for our report. In a group of six, it made sense to delegate the tasks of video watching down to easy manageable parts, for everyone to complete in their own time and bring back to the group at a later date. We had one group member assigned to research and present a discussion on all the different forms of leadership and provide two video examples from the RSNZ website, other members were delegated two interviews each and asked to choose which form of leader their person was and to write about it, giving detailed examples, a final member f the group was responsible for the writing the introduction, executive summary, and literature review and all other bits and pieces to tie the report in as one. When all the assigned roles were completed we meet as a group to piece them together in an appreciate way that followed well together. Results and Discussion It is important to note that with the constant evolution of our society, leadership has become more significant than ever before. In any organisation that has been created by people there has always been a struggle for power as it is a great element that affects human reality. As civilization becomes more complex and dynamic the traditional conception of power becomes insufficient Leadership is impossible without power since a leader must modify attitudes and behaviours. Yet influencing others does not automatically qualify as leadership; power must be used in pursuit of group goals to merit leadership classification. Hackman & Johnson, 2004, p 136). Influence, on the other hand is â€Å"the capacity or power of persons or things to be a compelling force on or produce effects on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc. , of others† (Dictionary. Com, 2008). The success of an influence attempt can be distinguished among qualitatively distinct outcomes, commit ment, compliance or resistance. If success results in commitment, then the decision or request has been agreed upon and is carried out or decision implemented effectively. This is similar to compliance, an outcome in which a subordinate is willing to carry out the task but is more lethargic than enthusiastic about it. The flipside to this is resistance. This occurs when the task is rejected; the subordinate or follower is opposed to carrying out the request or action. This is also referred to as counter-power. The concept of ‘power’ itself is fairly broad. It is a mysterious phenomenon that will be experienced by most at some stage, at least once, in a lifetime. The most basic prerequisite of power is that one person or group believes it is dependent on another person or group for something of value. Thus power exists when others believe that someone controls resources that they want. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 356). Power can be defined as: â€Å"possession of controlling influence†. It is only the capacity of a person, team or organization to influence others; it is not limited exclusively to leaders and managers. I think it important to mention authority at this stage, this is power vested in a specific position, and is therefore exclusive to that position. Power is not the act of changing others attitudes or behaviour; it is only the potential to do so. Power is derived from five sources: Legitimate, Reward, Coercive, Expert, and; Referent. Leaders throughout the world are very diverse and with that come many ways to lead, each with their own styles and attributes, sometimes based on one’s culture and other characteristics. There have been many discussions in the past about which the best way to lead is, and which source of power will get the best out of followers and still encourage them to strive to perform better. Expert Power is power that â€Å"originates from within the person, not the position, it contrast with legitimate power. It is an individual’s or work unit’s capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that the others value. Demonstrating practical knowledge and skills can also build expert power. For this reason, members of an organization often have little legitimate power but a great deal of expert power. † (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 359). Barbara Kuriger is a leader who exhibits this â€Å"expert power†. As â€Å"a former member of the Fonterra Shareholders Council, Barbara has chaired the LIC National Council and has had 20 years of involvement with Sharemilker of the year and the Dairy Industry Awards†. (www. dairynz. co. nz) has a lot of experience within the dairy industry due to her involvement and various leadership roles over the years. It is because of this she holds such power over other individuals in terms of the respect and admiration they may hold for her skills, work ethic and achievements. Barbara affirms that â€Å"If you believe in something strong enough and you can convince other people that it’s a good idea then they’ll come on board with that process†¦ † Maybe a lot of the success Barbara has encountered as a leader has been due to her ability to gain the respect of people through implementing expert power to convince others that what she believes in will work. Another commonly enforced source of power is that of Referent power. We recognize this power within leaders we can see that others identify with them, like them or otherwise respect them. As with expert power, referent power comes from within the person. It is largely a function of the person’s interpersonal skills and usually develops slowly. It is often associated with charismatic leadership. Charisma can be defined as a form of interpersonal attraction whereby followers develop a respect for and trust in the charismatic individual. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 359). Graeme Milne is a prominent figure in the New Zealand dairy industry, and a great example of the use of referent power. He has been involved in the industry as CEO of various organizations like NZ dairy board and Fonterra for over thirty years and has a lot of experience in managing and growing companies in this industry. This power by which he chooses to lead comes from within himself, it is a function of his interpersonal skills developed over the years as CEO and his success he has displayed in these various organizations. His experience and capability has created a sense of respect from his employees who identify with him and like him as their leader. His referent power is also derived from treating his employee’s right. Graeme believes that management is about managing the resources, and people are the essence of resource management. Therefore if you treat people right by acknowledging their contribution to the success of the organization and giving them credit, you will get the best out of them, and you will be a successful leader by utilizing the best that your employees has to offer. Paul Spicer’s management and leadership style of Norsewear clothing is also that of referent. When asked how he managed the process he says: â€Å"when I looked at my background it wasn’t that I had all the answers†¦ nd I often say†¦ not everyone even knows the questions let alone the answers†¦ but I understood the issues and I wanted to share my knowledge†¦ I didn’t dictate the process, so much as shared my dream†¦ and tried to build a team, and you turn what starts off as probably a large percentage of negativity into the positives† (Paul Spicer, 2007). This humb le and modest leadership approach demonstrates how Paul would have gained the respect and loyal following of his fellow workers through referent power. Referent power develops over time. Paul Spicer has demonstrated a desire for referent power from the very beginning. â€Å"I always thought if I ever got into a position of authority I would always try very hard to relate to the people that made the difference and be one of them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Paul Spicer, 2007). Spicer has followed through with this personal value, when he became CEO of Norsewear he took made this evident. â€Å"I started by having a lunch for the whole factory and we’d attend that every month and we’d give an honest appraisal of where we’re at, how we were going, where we felt we were going and what was good and bad about the business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . All the staffs have freedom to speak†¦I always thought it was great to have so much input from the team at every level†. (Paul Spicer, 2007) This respect has spread to his employees and into the very essence of the garments Norsewear produces. Spicer believes in his business and products, he emphasises: â€Å"Theyâ€⠄¢re items that I think need to be made here. If we were to make this offshore then it would lose all its impact and all its integrity†¦ this is 100% New Zealand made, and is very important†. (Paul Spicer, 2007) Reward power is another form of power demonstrated by leaders such as Sir. Angus Tait and Kingi Smiler. It is derived from the person’s ability to control the allocation of rewards valued by others and to remove negative sanctions. Managers have formal authority that gives them power over the distribution of organizational rewards such as pay, promotions, time off, holiday schedules and work assignments. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 358). Reward power relates to the power leaders hold in rewarding their followers E. g. employees. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 358). Sir Angus Tait paid a girl and persuaded her to leave her university and take a special job. Reward power is an efficient and effective way to persuade other people, because people will get motivation from the reward and find their own values. Reward power also can set up a tighter relationship between employers and employees. A suitable reward will encourage trust for the leader amongst followers. However, reward power can also bring problems, as people begin to focus on the reward not performance. Some people may also resort to negative means in order to gain a reward. Sir Angus Tait uses reward power effectively through his mutual loyalty with staffs. Kingi Smiler and John Luxton both combine reward and referent power to empower their employees. Story telling is one way Smiler gives his employees reference. Though the stories enable staff to have a reference point with Smiler, it takes a long time to get collective stories and it is not easy to get every potential follower on board, as everyone has different opinions etc. Referent power is often associated with interpersonal attraction whereby employees develop a value and trust in the charismatic individual. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007). Smiler’s second form of power is that of reward power. He hereby encourages followers to get involved in different activities outside their business so they gain more experience that they can implement and put into practice. He also offers scholarships to support employees for helping them to shape and encourage their motivation. Such forms of power encourage those who are eager to gain more skills or capabilities. John Luxton was previously working in Public Service and didn’t find working there quite motivating and stimulating; as nobody was bothered about the effort being put by an individual. People didn’t recognise that he was putting in more effort than what he was being paid. He considers rewarding people for their output very essential. People respond to incentives whether it is monetary incentive or just an acknowledgement by leaders that one is doing a good job. It is not necessary to criticise them when they have done a poor job, but a leader should provide constructive feedback and encouraging them to do a better job next time. Annah Stretton is an Inspirational fashion designer and founder of Annah Stretton Clothing Company, Annah S is an influential figure in the New Zealand fashion industry. Her strong will and precise nature, has caused her to be labelled a bitch and her â€Å"it’ll do† attitude at times hasn't been received well by workers as they become frustrated and annoyed. A form of leadership style Annah Stretton practices occasionally is ‘sea gull management’; it describes a leader who would fly in and shit on everyone then leaves. â€Å"(Tony Hope, 2008). In other words the leader expects their employees to be as capable as they are and can be seen to expect others to do things beyond their capability, and if they are not up to their standard they generally impose negative reinforcements such as reducing status. This practise can be seen as coercive power, is the ability to apply punishment or to give negative reinforcements. Examples of coercion range from reducing status, salary, and benefits to requiring others to do something they don't like. In the most extreme form, coercive power translates into brute physical force. (Hackman & Johnson, 2004,). Annah Stretton's sea gull management can be seen as coercive power because she would expect her employees to do things beyond their capability and has occasionally fired those whom, she believes are not up to the standards she sets for employees within her organisation. James Milton along with his wife runs their family business Milton Wineries. He recounts his meeting with a winegrower in France. He had a beautiful winery and a well maintained cellar and his staff were quite friendly as well. Milton was amazed at how well the French winegrower managed it and enquired about the secret behind his success. He described his leadership style by the metaphor of carrot, whip and good restaurants. By carrot he meant that his cellar was an inspirational sought after place to work whip and good restaurants. Good restaurants-At the end of the harvest season he would take his staff to different restaurants in Paris to show how the customers appreciated the wine. Whip referred that he had a clear direction about how he wanted everything done. In order to maintain the superior quality of his product, he used his authority and ordered his employees to do work his way. This leadership style links with legitimate power which is an agreement between organizational members that people in certain roles can request certain behaviours of others. This perceived right comes from job descriptions as well as informal rules of conduct. Executives have considerate legitimate power, but all employees also have this power based on company rules and government laws. (McShane & Travaglione, 2007, p. 357) Conclusion and Recommendations Leadership involves the use of various forms of power to exert influence over others. Different leaders have different approaches to the use of power depending on the situation and the individual. The report has discovered that out of the five forms of powers, referent power was the best, as it is a form of power derived from the leader himself rather than from his position. Referent power draws respect from the follows through the charisma of the leader. However, this form of power is developed overtime, and cannot be given through the authorities, thus it differs to legitimate power where the power was given to the person in the position. In our report Graeme Milne was referred to as a leader from the RSNZ website who has demonstrated a good use of referent power. Graeme demonstrated the use of this power in leadership through his experience as CEO over thirty years. Reward power often compliments referent power. It is important to note that this should not be abused and should be used not as a bribe, but to reinforce desirable behaviours after they occur. (Yukl, & Taber, 1983) Recommendation Based on the report, referent power is the best sustainable form of power to exert over employees. This is effective because once you've gained it through hard work and ‘walking the talk', then your followers should always respect you; and be willing to work towards a common goal. A leader must accumulate and foster expert power and referent power over time by showing himself to be confident, decisive, considerate, and protective of subordinates' interests. Yukl, & Taber, 1983). In short, it all comes back to the golden rule that you should do unto others that you would have them do unto you. If you are going to lead under â€Å"seagull management† then chances are that that there will be a lack of loyalty from your subordinates. Whilst this may still get the job done, it is not the most eff ective way to get the most out of your followers. Appendices Appendix 1 – Blog 1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 2 – Blog 2 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 3 – Blog 3 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 4 – Personal Reflection: D. Frederikson †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 5 Personal Reflection: S. Gledhill†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 6 Personal Reflection: L. Norman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Appendix 7 – Personal Reflection: D. Yiyang Zhang †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Appendix 8 – Personal Reflection: D. Pathak†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Appendix 1 Blog 1 ? THE GENUINE ANGEL VS THE WAR CRIMINAL Sarah Gledhill Posted @ 19/08/2008 7:29 p. m. As a group we found Oprah Winfrey to be a superior leader who inspires trust amongst her loyal followers. Like many other leaders before her, Oprah has had an intriguing life, through her many hardships she has overcome o bstacles and emerged as a positive and compassionate leader. It is not hard to see why she has been named â€Å"the world’s most powerful woman† by CNN & Time. com Her accomplishments and achievements have had a great impact on a diverse range of followers worldwide. Some of the many ways Oprah touches the hearts of these people is through her talk show, O The Oprah Mag, Oprah. com, plus her involvement in numerous charities, such as the Oprah Angel network. This is a charity â€Å"aimed at encouraging people around the world to make a difference in the lives of underprivileged others†; Oprah clearly uses her leadership ability to encourage and inspire others to follow in her footsteps. Winfrey’s genuine quality and love for helping others is also evident in the creation of the Oprah Winfrey Leadership academy for Girls, in South Africa. Her passion behind this stemmed from a desire â€Å"to†¦ give children exposure and opportunity and nurture them to understand their own power and possibility†. (Oprah) With reference to a previous blog (Presley Purcell’s), we agree with this group’s discussion about Branson’s ideas toward leadership. He states that â€Å"having a personality of caring about people is important; you can’t be a leader unless you generally like people. That is how you bring out the best in people. † This group also acknowledges that Branson views his employees as part of his extended family. Similarly, Oprah expresses this value in regard to the girls attending her academy, describing them as â€Å"her daughters†. We believe Oprah demonstrates a down to earth nature when it comes to inspiring trust amongst her followers she is on the same wave length as everyday people; and her â€Å"leadership consists of showing average people how to do the work of superior people† (John D. Rockefeller. ) Whilst Oprah is the epitome of an inspiring leader, the president of her country George W. Bush fails to inspire trust amongst his followers. Being the president of the U. S. A Bush is arguably the most powerful leader in the world, yet he fails to gain the support of his countryman since his approval ratings has plunged down to an average of 28-32% in his second term in office. Leadership is as much about spreading values as it is about the use of power, values serve as guides to action, they inform our decisions as to what to do and what not to do. Values also motivate. They keep us focused on why we’re doing what we’re doing and on the ends toward which we’re striving. To clarify values as a leader you must engage in two essentials. Firstly, you must find your voice, it involves knowing who you are, what you stand for and what you care about, burn with desire to be true to something you hold passionately and lead according to the principle that matters most to you. We agree with the example that Presley Purcell gave in his blog regarding Martin Luther King. He inspired others to conduct an impossible challenge on racial segregation, the very principles which the nation was fundamentally built on, and continues to operate under, directed by the same group of people who benefited most from exploitation through racial inequality. However, in contrast with MLK stands George W Bush, his speeches were written by his talented speech writers, this is rather controversial as in doing so he was in fact speaking the words of someone else rather than following his own voice. In Graeme Harrisons interview â€Å"Beware of hollow leaders† a hollow leader was considered to be: â€Å"someone who has a high reputation and†¦ have got there through tap dancing, by jumping up and down around the subject rather than on the subject, when it really gets down to the hard stuff they go missing†. (RSNZ, 2008) This could be applied to Bush because he commonly enjoys projecting a glossy image of himself and his capability to lead America, but when hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans he was nowhere to be seen for two months, therefore Bush fits the criteria of a hollow leader. Moreover this is another indication of him not walking the talk because instead of leading the poor Americans out of misery he left them behind to the rage of Katrina. The second essential to clarify values is to affirm shared values, these are common values which your followers share, and it is the foundation for building productive and genuine working relationships. It was said that affirmed shared values cannot be imposed on others, but are formed out of their participation, George Bush has great power being the president of U. S. but even with his power he cannot convince most of his countryman the need to fight the war in Iraq. Most Americans wanted to put an end to the war, if Bush was to gain the trust of his followers he would need to listen to them as to why they do not agree with the war on Iraq, that way he would be able to work out a set of shared values between them. Word count: 881 Group Tutor: Charlie Gillard. Tutorial time: Thursday 8am-10am. Tutor: Charlie Gillard. Appendix 2 Blog 2 THE DANCING QUEEN vs. THE PRESIDENTAL HOPEFUL. Sarah Gledhill Posted @ 11/09/2008 4:47 p. m. Do the blogging readings make you feel differently about offline leadership? Discuss which conventional leaders might do well in blogging – and which not – and what the explosion of blogs means for contemporary leaders? Together as a group we agreed that when one reads a blog on a person, we carve out an image of that person in real life based on the values and ideas emphasized in the blog. This has its downfalls as forming a perception on a person based on their blog provides an incomplete picture, in other words the information we see on their blog is very limited; maybe we are only seeing what they want us to see. This can be proven to be a reality when we meet them in real life and get to discover their actual traits and values. We discussed in our previous blog, the issue of ‘hollow leaders’, this may arise in blogging also. Leaders may make big claims on their blogs about their capabilities but offline provide no evidence that they walk the talk. However, there is the flip side that also must be considered; sometimes blogging can correct our misconceptions of a person. It is well known that everyone tends to stereotype others, most commonly people see an employer as authoritarian, but perhaps if we browsed through their blog and discover their personal thoughts and ideas, our perception would change as a result of this information on their blog. The blogging readings have made us think differently about offline leadership, because in order to write a good blog the virtues of honesty and trust worthiness are really important which means that the blog entries need to be a true reflection of their leadership style. If one tries to fake the contents by over stating their capabilities then their blog readers would become annoyed and possibly leave negative comments. Like Scoble & Israel suggest â€Å"If you are going to blog, be authentic. Keep your conversations naked. Let people know who you are and where you’re coming from†. (Scoble & Israel, 2006). We originally thought that blogging was another platform where managers can dictate the content of information out flow and influence the way readers think in the same way newspapers can, but the readings have made us realize that blogging is more about people; their comments and feedback make up an important factor of blogging. This makes us believe that blogging is like a moral code of conduct for managers it is a sense of empowerment to subordinates and it is also a means of self analysis, as blogging feedback can direct a manager toward the possible areas for change thus having a direct effect on the offline leadership of a manager. Although we feel the phenomena of the increase in blogging among business people over the years is an excellent way for companies and their leaders to communicate with employees and followers, we strongly agree with Elaina Sheppard’s blog that trust and honesty cannot all be achieved alone online, leaders must continue to remain a face-to face contact, on a more personal level to remain trust amongst their followers. This point also reiterates what Scoble & Israel suggest as #tip10 of â€Å"how to be a successful blogger† â€Å"to get out into the real world†. Sir Richard Branson is a great example of a leader who walks the talk and resembles this honestly and openly through his actions and his blog; he is all about team work and daring to be different. His blog seems as laid back and fun as he himself offline; it easily allows followers to see what he has been doing, gives them room to comment and honestly emphasizes the ‘real’ Branson. (bransonblog. com) From the RSNZ website we found the ‘Team-based innovation’ interview with Peter Hubscher from Montana wines. It is all about challenges, team work and daring to be different. It encompasses what we believe to resemble Branson in a nutshell. Peter Hubscher is adamant that with team work â€Å"the challenge is always how to do it better†. Sir Richard Branson is a real ‘team player’ and by carrying this same approach into his blog he may achieve greater team work through the added interaction blogging may provide. Conventional leaders that might do well in blogging†¦ We see Suzanne Paul to be a conventional leader who might do well in blogging. Suzanne Paul is a well known icon in NZ and built the country's most successful direct marketing company, Prestige Marketing, developing and selling such products as Natural glow. Suzanne is also well known on our T. V screens, she has starred in shows such as ‘Guess Who's Coming to Dinner', ‘Garage Sale', ‘How's Life' and ‘Dancing with the stars’ where in 2007 she was crowned winner. It is important to acknowledge that the show â€Å"dancing with the stars† was based on the votes of which the NZ public see their favourite dancer to be; Suzanne obviously has a great following of NZ citizens behind her. A leader is also respected for not only how they display themselves through good times but even more so in the way they conduct themselves through their hardships. Suzanne Paul was declared bankrupt, but since then has bounced back very admirably; she seems to have laid her struggles out there for everyone to see and has overcome them. We’d like to add that this quality exhibits what David Wyld has commented on â€Å"developing a thick skin† being able to take on the negative comments as well as the positive. Susan has been slashed by the media, but has been able to turn around her entire reputation, now that takes courage; she is one strong lady with a thick skin. (Wyld, 2008). Suzanne Paul definitely has a story to tell, her â€Å"†¦ story is one of inspiration and perseverance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ through blogging she could easily present†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"this message in a very entertaining way, drawing on her many hilarious life experiences†. Scobel and Israel’s Tip 8- ‘Tell a story’, works well with Suzanne as â€Å"Corporate blogging is all about telling a story, your story†. (www. csnz. co. z) Suzanne Paul would no doubt have a successful blog; she is a business woman with products to sell, and she could get valuable customer feedback via her blog. Conventional leaders which might not do well in blogging†¦ The reading by Wyld. D. C (2008) states that in having a successful blog it is important that bloggers are legit. â€Å"You must be the author,' if your words are to be taken as authentic and interesting by your audience†. We believe John McCain, the U. S presidential hopeful to be a conventional leader that might not be good at blogging. McCain currently has a blog on his website that is up and running, although it’s not possible to see how much of the blog he himself is responsible for; there is also no interaction from him personally. We agree with the majority of groups before us stating that like John Mc Cain, Helen Clark would fail to be a good blogger, due to insufficient time available to him, through his stressful job priorities he would fail to continuously update his blog posts, leaving you to wonder whether a â€Å"ghost writer† has been employed to jump through the hoop for him doing all of the hard stuff. Admittedly John McCain has said he struggles to cope with the sophisticated technology of e-mailing whilst naming himself as computer e-literate all so. If Somebody like McCain has a blog but isn’t really the face or voice behind it he is neglecting a valuable tool that could deliver passionate and authoritative information to his fellow Americans. Maybe if John McCain used the blog to his full potential this could even strengthen his chances in becoming President. In accordance to Wyld Mc Cain doesn’t appropriately exhibit the qualities that make a good blogger, Tip2 â€Å"Do it yourself† and tip 4 â€Å"post regularly†. Thus making him a disappointing un-authentic blogger. What the explosion of blogs means for contemporary leaders†¦ The explosion of blogs comes with many positive and negative aspects for contemporary leaders. We see blogging as a fantastic way to promote one’s ideas or market a product and gain popularity. Whilst researching we came across a blog on Yahoo! ‘Answers by Hillary Clinton, Democratic Presidential Hopeful’. Through the blog she asked all Americans â€Å"Based on your own family’s experience, what do you think we should do to improve health care in America? † This was her way o convince people that she is a people’s leader and a leader ready to listen to the masses. Blogging is also an easy, cheap and convenient method of communication within an organisation. Due to the informal nature of blogging it allows for 360 ° feedback. As blogging is not a face to face communication subordinates would not be perturbed to comment on th eir boss’s performance. Blogging can easily create a sense of empowerment amongst followers. Recently one of the superstars in India, Amitabh Bachchan asked his fans on his blog to suggest a name for his upcoming movie. Imagine how you would feel if your suggestion was accepted. We agreed that blogging can be a great source in resolving problems within organizations. Most of the answers to the problems faced by big organisations don’t lie in the boardrooms; they come from the grass root level. Through blogging the executives can reach out to the grass root level workers and identify the problem and device a solution. Some negative aspects evolving from blogging include: There are many worthless ideas and comments that can create a sense of confusion, conflict and negative feeling amongst readers. Also, the fact that most blogs are open to comment for anybody on the net can be cause for trouble. Bloggers can easily disguise their identity and post irrelevant, personal, adverse comments. Once it’s on the net, it is very difficult to delete it. As discussed by David in the lectures, many a time certain ill intentioned people can post comments which can taint the reputation of an individual or an organisation and can cost them millions. Blogging can be can be quite a time consuming activity and it is important for employees to update blogs regularly to avoid them from becoming out of date. But doing so can mean less working time and lower productivity. Wordcount: 1716 Tutor: Charlie Gillard. Tutorial: Thursday 8am-10am. Group Members: Appendix 3 Blog 3 ? WHAT WE LEARNT Posted @ 2/10/2008 9:48 a. m. This blog will illustrate our individual and collective learning throughout this course. We will also demonstrate how the lectures, tutorials and RSNZ interviews have provoked thought and reflection within us, not only on leadership as a theme but also within ourselves. One aspect of the teachings that stood out for us as a group was the idea that a leader must have the following characteristics: logic, trust and passion. First, leaders should exercise their logical ability. A leader must have a clear objective and well-organized steps, ensuring a mutual confidence with followers. When people know what they should do, they work efficiency and effectively. Second, trust is necessary. As human beings, our many relationships depend on the trust. When there is trust placed in the team leader, it makes it easy for the team as a whole to strive for success as much as possible. The third is passion. If a leader tries doing a project without passion, it will hard for the team to be creative thinkers. Passion is a good way to motivate other people. Iris found this concept to be relevant to her personally in her transformation into a leader. â€Å"When I was doing my readings it occurred to me that if I wanted to go anywhere in leadership, if I display qualities of logic, passion and trust, I would be able to inspire those around me and go further as a leader. â€Å"Leadership consists of showing average people how to do the work of superior people† (John D. Rockefeller. ) This quote springs from the idea that anyone can be a leader; everyday ordinary people can do the extraordinary. â€Å"I like the example David used in lecture, time and time again, about the 9/11 attacks on The United States of America, where it was the cleaners, the fire fighters, who took charge and lead thousands of American’s out of the twin towers at the time of the attack. This just shows , anyone can be a leader- these people had dedication and will power to get out alive and help those around them, they may have not had the highest status of power, but they ed, and I feel their courage and determination is a remarkable and astonishing thing. â€Å"- Sarah. Here are these people, who may be seen as ‘ average lower-class’, they still managed to take charge and lead, their actions were seen as heroic that day and they will forever be seen as astonishing people who helped save the lives of thousands. The material in this course has highlighte d, to all of us as a group, certain universal leadership principles which resonate within us all, urging us to become the leaders that we know exists within us. Principles like: â€Å"Leadership comes from the front and the middle of the pack†, â€Å"A leader communicates vision by embodying it, personifying it, and by living it out†. Principles like the these have caused us to view leadership in a completely different light, thinking not only about the stereotypical leaders that everyone cites when asked to name leaders, these include, Nelson Mandela, Sir Edmund Hillary, Martin Luther King Jnr. etc. It seems as though when most people think of leaders they tend to think more about the positive leaders. â€Å"When I begun this course, I was one of them. When I thought â€Å"leader† I automatically thought â€Å"good†. People like Osama Bin Laden and Hitler never crossed my mind, But it is people like these who are often some of the most successful leaders, they put themselves out there in such a way that they managed to inspire a huge following that inspires change throughout the entire world. † – Leah I agree with Leah, that when I had previously thought about leaders, I had thought about, only the good ones also, people tend to fail to recognise or consider, those not so good, people in the world, who may be seen as â€Å"terrible leaders†, they may be terrible, or expressing bad idea’s, essentially though, there are people who follow them and they can be called leaders. † – Sarah â€Å"I disagree. An important value for l eaders is to be ethical. People like Hitler and Osama were involved with unethical practises and in my opinion do not qualify as leaders; however, it may be argued that they are great people anagers and orators, but not leaders. This reiterates another leadership principle that â€Å"Everyone influences someone. The question is what you will influence them to do? † Whether the influence is good or bad doesn’t really seem to make a difference. You just have to believe in yourself, believe in your cause and display this belief with passion. This passion needs to be infectious. It needs to spread through the crowds in such a way that you will make believers out of the people in the crowds too. There is a common argument about whether leaders are born and not made, this is particular was a concept of debate for members in our group for some time. â€Å"A lot of what I learnt stayed at the forefront of my mind for sometime. I was always one to believe that some people had it and some people don’t, the whole leaders are born not made argument, but listening to David in the lectures, he managed to change my mind somewhat, while I still believe that some people are born with natural leadership attributes, I now am swayed to the thought that these can also be taught and learnt, as with confidence, â€Å"fake it ‘till it’s real†. – Leah It was a common occurrence in lectures for David to tell us to â€Å"Get curious† about ourselves. Kouzes & Posner (2007) encourage leaders to ultimately find their voice. They emphasise that, â€Å"before you can become a credible leader- one who connects â€Å"say and do†- first you have to find your voice†. This seems obvious but so many leaders fail to do this and therefore fail to lead. We think very few leaders in this course and in general know exactly what they stand for and have found their ‘inner voice’. â€Å"David repeatedly told us to figure out why we do things the way we do. This prompted a different area of thinking within myself. â€Å"Now I am beginning to question my behaviour, my view points and certain ways that I prefer to manage tasks. † – Donna. This leads us to self disclosure. This is important to leaders, and made us realise that in order for your followers to trust you and support you, you must be open to them about yourself, let them know your background, your goals, your strengths and weaknesses. Letting them understand you, helps to create a greater communication link between you and your employees. Over time this would create relational depth. In the leadership videos Graeme Milnes mentioned that â€Å"no matter what, you don’t know everything, so be humble, and know what you know and what you don’t know†. Through this we realised that leadership is more about revelation and acknowledging the value of your staff. As Graeme Milne said â€Å"successful leaders are those who would value the ability of their followers, acknowledge their own strength and weakness, and disclose the problems they are facing†. A good leader does not need to know everything, but does need to know that they are not perfect and would need the help of their workers to get things done. If you divulge the problem you are facing and acknowledge that you can not do it alone and need their help then your workers would respond by coming together and solving the problem for you by filling in your weakness. Whereas if you do not make the problem known and pretend to be the perfect leader and keep all the information and credit to yourself then your workers would think that since the leader believes he or she is so perfect what does he or she need them for? So the difference between a good leader and a bad leader is that when they fail, a good leader who discloses information and acknowledges the value of their staff would see workers jumping in to help. Whereas a bad leader who tends to keep all the information and credit to himself would lose respect among workers, who would in turn not be so eager to help. â€Å"This has made me realise that great and successful leaders are not born to be who they are, they only become great leaders through the support of your followers, and this is done through self disclosure, information disclosure and also acknowledging the value of their workers. – Daniel â€Å"Communication is an integral part of leadership. It is a process and not just a distinct event. Communication is a circular two way process and leaders should be open to feedback from all sources. I have personally learnt that as leader you need to LISTEN. † – Devarsh David made clear in lectures the importance of Em otional Intelligence (EI). The display of the right mood to match the situation is an art that has to be first understood and then learnt. It is a very powerful tool of leadership. Generally speaking, this is an art, which we pick up normally in the course of life but very few of us have learnt to use this art as a tool. Certain situations are very clear; such as visits to the hospital, where one is expected to show concern, or take the instance of a visit to a home where a death has taken place. These are obvious situations and we learn from society the correct mood to display and say the right things that are to be said. From the leadership angle, by following a few established principles one should be able to get much more out of colleagues and followers than we normally do. Any team can be swayed to better performance by the correct display of positive leadership. â€Å"EI is not about being nice, but confronting someone with truth, not letting it all hang out or dumping but expressing it appropriately. † – Devarsh In general, the idea of looking down the tunnel and seeing a possible leadership role at the end is quite daunting. In an interview from the RSNZ website, Sir Angus Tait says that â€Å"if you can measure the difficulties that lie ahead and there will be many. In many instances you’ll never start. Therefore†¦ don’t look to deeply just say I’m going to do that; and proceed to do it†. This quote is one that we find inspiring. It makes us feel that we too, can be leaders. The readings and tutorial exercises have taught us a great deal, about what it takes to become leaders. The concepts, of â€Å"finding your voice†, and â€Å"affirm shared values†, are two hugely influential parts of leadership, that we will now try to consider in our own personal lives when taking on a leadership role. As a group, we feel as though we have learnt a lot of valuable lessons throughout the course, not just about the leadership qualities expected in the workforce, but also about ourselves and what we have learned and discovered on the leadership front thus far. Whilst a lot of the concepts brought to a front throughout this paper aren’t exactly entirely new concepts, the way in which they were presented to us however, have caused to us pause and re-evaluate our own leadership qualities and places where we can improve ourselves. Word Count: 1911 Group Members: Tutor: Charlie Gillard. Tutorial time: Thursday 8am-10am. Tutor: Charlie Gillard. Appendix 4 – The main concept I have grasped from this paper is how leaders empower their followers. (Hackman & Johnson, 2009). I always thought leaders had some degree of power that arose from their rank of position; I never considered that leadership really is regardless of your position. It is about who you are and what you are doing. Whilst power naturally evolves with leadership roles, I have learnt that the biggest source of power a leader can use and ‘feed’ from is the energy created when everyone around them becomes a leader also. Skills within this concept come first and foremost from finding out who one is as a person/leader. . e. ‘finding your voice’ (Kouzes & Posner, 2007) This is essential for leaders as once this is ‘found’; where they are going and what they want to achieve is clear. Being able to communicate your vision and beliefs often and genuinely acting upon such statements, is also essential for getting followers to side with you as a leader. â€Å"If you are clear about your values, and your actions are aligned, it makes all the hard work worth the effort†. (Kouzes & Posner, 2007) I am determined to develop these skills into my leadership roles by ensuring I stand for my values and be clear and open about who I am and what I want to do. This then can be shared with others by bringing them on board and empowering them as individuals and leaders all working toward a common goal. Donna Fredrikson Appendix 5 – This course has been a very eye-opening and enlightening experience. From day one I thought I had a fair understanding of leadership and what it entails, but after engaging with the materials and activities in the course I have learnt it is so much more complex and diverse than I had ever imagined. I main idea I took form this course was that leadership may not always be a position of power and status, but the effective ability to communicate, lead and influence. One quote I valued a lot in my reading of the course reader was this one, by (John D. Rockefeller. )Where he states, that â€Å"Leadership consists of showing average people how to do the work of superior people†. This quote emphasizes the idea that anyone can be a leader and ordinary people can do the extraordinary. David from lecturer, forth reinforced this idea, in his examples and discussions of the 9//11 attacks on the United States of America, where it was the cleaners , the fire fighters, who took charge and lead thousands of American’s out of the twin towers at the time of the attack. This shows, anyone can be a leader, these people had dedication and will power to get out alive and help those around them, they may have not had the highest status of power, but they led, and I feel their courage and determination is a remarkable and astonishing thing. Sarah Gledhill Appendix 6 – In blog three (Appendix 3), I was asked to reflect on what I have learned in this paper thus far, below are snippets from that blog and other lessons that throughout this course, the lectures, tutorials and RSNZ interviews have provoked thought and reflection within me, not only on leadership as a theme but also within myself. I feel as though I have learnt a lot of valuable lessons, not just about the leadership qualities expected in the workforce, but also about myself and what I have learned and discovered on the leadership front thus far. While a lot of the concepts brought to a front throughout this paper aren’t exactly entirely new concepts, the way in which they were presented to me however, have caused to pause and re-evaluate my own leadership qualities and places where I can improve myself. At this stage I haven’t exactly, in anyway, reached the pinnacle of my leadership potential, but I do believe that If I continue to work at it, I will keep inching closer to becoming a more together and confident individual who will inspire others to do as I have done. This paper has highlighted, to me, certain universal leadership principles which resonate within me, urging me to become the leader that I know exists within me. Principles like: â€Å"A leader communicates vision by embodying it, personifying it, and by living it out†, have encouraged me to want to better myself by putting forth my passion for what I do and passing it on to others. Leah Norman Appendix 7 – The success of an organisation depends on the employee’s contribution. No matter how good you are a leader you don’t know everything in your business, therefore you need your employees help. Leadership is about getting support and drawing on the best talents of your employees, in order to do so you must acknowledge their contribution to the organisation, that whatever the organisation has achieved is due to the team and give them credit, rather than taking it to yourself. If you treat people right you will get the best out of them, and you will be a leader, if you don’t then you will never be a successful leader. † (Graeme Milne, 2007). The consequences of a successful leader not empowering employees would be the incapability to grow the business by relying on employees in the leader’s absence. This reinforces with Graeme Milne (2007), that a successful organisation is one that does not need to rely on the leader too m uch. A successful organisation is one that would continue to grow in the absence of a leader. And this is achieved through staff empowerment. Ana Stretton is a successful leader but she takes decision making all to herself, the firm does not have the capability to function or grow without her, therefore if anything happens to her then the organisation would probably collapse. Daniel Zhang Appendix 8 – Since high school when I was the captain of the school cricket team, I comprehended that it was very important for me to have a better-quality performance, to gain respect of my team members. Over time I have also realised, that it is very important for a manger to be hands on and not just direct and supervise the subordinates. Observing an energetic and active manager can be quite motivating for the team and this way the manager can illustrate the best practice style. At my first job I was leading a small team of four. I had an authoritarian approach and listened to none. But when I started working part time, my manager had a similar style of leading. That’s when I realised and empathised with my subordinates how demotivating it felt. Since then I have modified my leadership style and allow more participation and involvement of my team members. I have personally initiated introspection practices recommended by David in the lectures like writing a diary and Johari window. Initially I used to get angry under high pressure situations at work. But while studying about EI in the course I have realised the importance of the need for the leader to be calm and composed. Leader is a role model for followers and their ill behaviour would have bad effect on their followers. Leaders need to be open for feedback from all sources. It is very important to constantly motivate employees by acknowledging their contribution and giving constructive feedback. Devarsh Pathak References ? Barrett, D. J. (2006). Strong communication skills; a must for today's leaders. Handbook of Business Strategy, 7(1), 385-390. ? Hackman, M. Z. , Johnson, C. E. 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